Cotton Trading Overview: Grades, Markets, and Trends

Global cotton production averages around 25-27 million tonnes annually, with China, India, the US, Brazil, and Pakistan as the largest producers. The US is the world's largest exporter, followed by Brazil and Australia. Cotton demand is driven by the textile and apparel industry, with China, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Turkey as the largest consumers.

Cotton competes with synthetic fibers (polyester, nylon) for market share — synthetics now account for roughly 65% of global fiber consumption versus 25% for cotton. However, sustainability trends and consumer preference for natural fibers are supporting cotton demand.

Cotton quality is defined by staple length (fiber length), strength (measured in grams per tex), micronaire (fiber fineness), color grade, and trash content. The USDA cotton classing system is the most widely used, categorizing cotton by these attributes. Longer staple, higher strength cotton commands premium prices — Pima/Supima (extra-long staple) and Egyptian Giza cotton are premium varieties.

The Cotlook A Index — a daily average of international cotton quotations for the five lowest-priced origins — serves as the global physical benchmark. Cotton is traded in bales of approximately 480 pounds (217 kg) in the US standard.

ICE cotton futures (No. 2 contract, US cents per pound) serve as the primary hedging and price discovery mechanism. Physical cotton trades at a basis (on/off) to ICE futures, with different origins commanding different differentials. US Memphis/Texas cotton, Brazilian cotton, and Australian cotton each have distinct quality profiles and pricing.

Cotton ships in standard 20-foot containers, with approximately 80-100 bales per container. Port and warehouse logistics require careful moisture control — cotton is hygroscopic and can degrade if exposed to excess moisture during transit. Major export ports include Houston and New Orleans (US), Santos (Brazil), and various Indian ports.