Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

Green hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water using renewable electricity, emitting zero carbon in the process. It is positioned as a clean fuel for hard-to-abate sectors including steel, ammonia, refining, and heavy transport. Cost reductions in electrolyzer technology are driving commercial-scale projects globally.

Carbon credits represent verified reductions or removals of one metric ton of CO2 equivalent. They are traded in both compliance markets (EU ETS, UK ETS) and voluntary markets (Verra VCS, Gold Standard). Corporate net-zero commitments are driving demand for high-quality nature-based and engineered removal credits.

Biodiesel is a renewable diesel alternative produced by transesterification of vegetable oils, animal fats, or used cooking oil (UCO). FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) is the most common form, meeting EN 14214 standards. Indonesia's B35 mandate and EU RED II requirements are key demand drivers.

Bioethanol is a renewable alcohol fuel produced by fermenting sugarcane, corn, or cellulosic biomass. Brazil (sugarcane) and the United States (corn) are the dominant producers. It is blended with gasoline (E10, E27, E85) to reduce fossil fuel dependence and greenhouse gas emissions.

Green ammonia is produced by combining green hydrogen (from renewable electrolysis) with nitrogen from air using the Haber-Bosch process. It serves as a carbon-free energy carrier, shipping fuel, and feedstock for green fertilizers. Japan and Germany are pioneering its use as a co-firing fuel in power plants.