23 Commodities

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Copper Cathodes

Copper cathodes are 99.99% pure electrolytic copper plates, the final product of copper smelting and refining. They are the primary traded form of refined copper, used as feedstock by wire rod mills, brass mills, and foundries. LME Grade A cathodes are the global benchmark.

ChilePeruDemocratic Republic of Congo

Copper Wire Rod

Copper wire rod is a semi-finished product manufactured by continuous casting and rolling of refined copper. It is the starting material for electrical wire, cable, and conductor manufacturing. Wire rod quality is defined by oxygen content, with oxygen-free copper (OFC) commanding premium pricing.

ChileChinaJapan

Copper Concentrate

Copper concentrate is a semi-processed ore product containing 20-40% copper, produced by crushing, grinding, and flotation of copper-bearing rock. It is the primary feedstock for copper smelters worldwide. Treatment and refining charges (TC/RCs) are a key element of pricing negotiations.

ChilePeruIndonesia

Copper Scrap

Copper scrap is recycled copper sourced from electrical cables, plumbing, demolition, and manufacturing off-cuts. Classified by ISRI codes (e.g., Birch for No.1 bare bright, Candy for No.2 copper), it accounts for roughly 30% of global copper supply and is critical for sustainable metal production.

United StatesGermanyUnited Kingdom

Aluminum Ingots

Aluminum ingots are cast blocks of primary aluminum produced from smelting alumina via electrolysis. They are remelted by foundries and fabricators to produce automotive parts, construction materials, and consumer goods. Standard ingots are 99.7% purity, traded at LME prices plus regional premiums.

ChinaRussiaIndia

Aluminum Billets

Aluminum billets are solid cylindrical logs produced by continuous casting, used as feedstock for extrusion presses to create profiles for construction, automotive, and industrial applications. Alloy grades like 6063 and 6061 dominate the market, with billet diameter typically ranging from 127mm to 406mm.

ChinaIndiaUnited Arab Emirates

Aluminum Scrap

Aluminum scrap is recycled aluminum collected from beverage cans, automotive components, construction debris, and manufacturing residues. Secondary aluminum production from scrap uses 95% less energy than primary smelting, making it a critical sustainability feedstock. ISRI codes (Taint/Tabor, Tense, Twitch) classify quality.

United StatesUnited KingdomGermany

Zinc Ingots

Zinc ingots are produced from zinc concentrates through roasting, leaching, and electrolysis. Over half of global zinc production is used for galvanizing steel to prevent corrosion. The remainder goes into alloys (brass, die-casting), chemicals, and battery production. LME SHG (Special High Grade, 99.995%) is the benchmark.

ChinaPeruAustralia

Lead Ingots

Lead ingots are refined from galena ore or recycled from spent lead-acid batteries. Over 80% of global lead demand comes from the battery sector, particularly for automotive and backup power applications. Refined lead is traded on the LME at 99.97%+ purity.

ChinaAustraliaUnited States

Nickel Cathodes

Nickel cathodes are electrolytically refined nickel plates of 99.8%+ purity, deliverable against LME contracts. Nickel is essential for stainless steel production (which consumes 70% of output) and increasingly for lithium-ion battery cathodes in electric vehicles.

RussiaIndonesiaCanada

Tin Ingots

Tin ingots are refined from cassiterite ore, used primarily in solder alloys for electronics, tinplate for food cans, and specialty chemicals. Global supply is concentrated in a few countries, making tin prices sensitive to production disruptions. LME-grade tin is 99.85% minimum purity.

IndonesiaChinaMyanmar

Steel Billets

Steel billets are semi-finished long products with a square cross-section, typically 100mm to 200mm, produced via continuous casting. They are reheated and rolled into rebar, wire rod, bars, and sections. Billet pricing closely tracks scrap and iron ore costs.

TurkeyRussiaIran

Steel Rebar

Steel rebar (reinforcing bar) is a deformed steel bar used to reinforce concrete in construction. It is the most widely consumed steel product by volume in developing economies. Grades B500B and B500C (European) and Grade 60 (US) are standard, with seismic specifications requiring higher ductility.

TurkeyChinaEgypt

Steel HRC

Hot-Rolled Coil (HRC) is a flat steel product produced by rolling slabs above recrystallization temperature. It is used in automotive manufacturing, pipelines, structural applications, and as feedstock for cold-rolled and coated products. HRC is the benchmark flat steel product globally.

ChinaIndiaJapan

Steel CRC

Cold-Rolled Coil (CRC) is produced by further rolling HRC at room temperature, yielding a thinner gauge with superior surface finish, tighter tolerances, and better formability. It is essential for automotive body panels, appliances, and precision-stamped parts.

ChinaSouth KoreaJapan

Steel Scrap

Steel scrap is recycled ferrous material sourced from demolished structures, end-of-life vehicles, and industrial off-cuts. It is the primary feedstock for electric arc furnaces (EAFs), which produce roughly 30% of global steel. HMS 1&2 and shredded scrap are the most traded grades internationally.

United StatesEuropean UnionJapan

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is a corrosion-resistant alloy containing at least 10.5% chromium, used in food processing, medical devices, architecture, and chemical plants. Grade 304 (18/8 Cr/Ni) is the most produced, while 316 offers superior corrosion resistance for marine and chemical environments.

ChinaIndiaIndonesia

Ferro Silicon

Ferro silicon is an alloy of iron and silicon (typically 65-75% Si) produced in submerged arc furnaces. It is used as a deoxidizer and alloying element in steelmaking and as a reducing agent in ferroalloy production. China dominates global production, with output exceeding 6 million tons annually.

ChinaRussiaNorway

Ferro Manganese

Ferro manganese is a manganese-iron alloy essential for steelmaking, where it serves as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, and alloying agent to improve strength and hardness. High-carbon ferro manganese (HC FeMn, 65-78% Mn) is produced in blast furnaces or submerged arc furnaces from manganese ore.

South AfricaIndiaChina

Ferro Chrome

Ferro chrome is a chromium-iron alloy (50-72% Cr) that is the principal source of chromium for stainless steel production. South Africa produces over half of the world's ferro chrome from its vast chromite reserves. Charge chrome (50-55% Cr) is the most commonly traded grade.

South AfricaKazakhstanIndia

Silicon Metal

Silicon metal is a high-purity metallurgical product (97-99.9% Si) used in aluminum alloying, silicone production, and as polysilicon feedstock for solar cells and semiconductors. Demand has surged with the global expansion of solar photovoltaic capacity.

ChinaNorwayBrazil

Manganese Ore

Manganese ore is mined primarily for steelmaking, where manganese is an indispensable alloying element for strength and toughness. It is also used in battery cathodes and chemical production. Ore grades range from 20% to 52% Mn, with lumpy ore and fines being the primary traded forms.

South AfricaAustraliaGabon

Titanium Dioxide

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the world's most widely used white pigment, providing opacity and brightness to paints, coatings, plastics, paper, and cosmetics. Produced via either the sulfate or chloride process, rutile-grade TiO2 accounts for the majority of global demand exceeding 8 million tons annually.

ChinaUnited StatesGermany

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